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Writing Guide 2021
Footnotes. These are references to theoretical sources of information, to the literature used during the preparation.
Without used literature, a student cannot prepare any educational work, because the whole foundation is laid in books = sources.
Footnotes are needed to indicate where each of the specific pieces in your work came from. This is how you justify your research by citing an expert author or scientist. They alone can indicate the rules by which you should think when conducting research. The coursework contains footnotes for convenience - the teacher clearly sees what and where it came from, can assess the authority of the sources, the depth of preparation (the amount of materials taken) and whether you have chosen the right knowledge.
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Why do you need footnotes in a term paper
A footnote is a small number at the end of a sentence / paragraph where a quote or information from a source was used. At the bottom of the page, under a special line, this number indicates the source of information.
The numbers are put down by continuous numbering. A competent term paper is the correct design of footnotes. Before proceeding with the design, read the manual of your faculty and the recommendations of the teachers.
How many footnotes and references should there be in the course work
As a rule, there should be as many footnotes in a term paper as there are sources on which the student relies when writing a term paper. That is, if the list of used literature consists of 35 sources, then there should be 35 footnotes in the study. But it often happens that a footnote in the text is not needed and the reliance on the source is only indirect. In this case, there is no need to mark the literature used. It is enough just to mention the scientific work in the list.
Types of footnotes
There are two types of footnotes. It is terminal and regular.
- A regular footnote - placed immediately after the source is mentioned on the same page. In this case, the numbering of footnotes begins anew on each new page.
- An endnote is a complex of all the footnotes that appear in the text. This list is usually placed at the end of the study. In this case, the numbering of footnotes goes through the entire project.
Differences between footnotes and links
Don't confuse footnotes and links - they are two different things!
Links
Indication of the source number in the bibliography at the end of the excerpt (sentence, paragraph).
If you took a picture, diagram or table, first sign it in the text with a link, then post the material.
If you confuse links and footnotes, be prepared to be deployed for revision, and you will have to reprint almost all of the pages (after all, you need to provide many sources and footnotes).
How to design footnotes in a term paper
- Go to Word document.
- In the toolbar at the top of the screen, find "Links".
- There is a small block dedicated to footnotes.
- When using this tool, footnotes will be formatted automatically by pressing two buttons.
- You just have to put the cursor in the right place and sign each footnote in accordance with GOST. The program does the rest itself.
- Your footnotes will not "move out" and the numbering will not get confused.
How to format a source footnote
You need to be especially careful when formatting footnotes. The Commission strictly monitors the correctness of the source. Each source has its own design standard. Let's consider the main ones.
- Scientific article footnote
- A footnote to the author's abstract and thesis
- Review footnote
- Electronic source footnote
- Footnote to a legal document
- Footnote to textbooks, encyclopedias, one-volume and multivolume editions
- Source footnote in foreign language
When designing footnotes for a book or magazine article, pay special attention to how you subscribe. You can familiarize yourself with the general rules for reducing words, surnames and phrases according to the university manual.
How to issue a re-footnote
Reliance on scientific works is a sign that the student has independently worked through each source and is now writing his research on this basis. And it often happens that it is necessary to rely on the same source several times. In this case, a second footnote should be issued. To do this, you only need to insert a full-length footnote once indicating the source, and only mark the following footnotes in square brackets: [Ibid.] And the page number.
Footnotes are time consuming. For the correct indication of footnotes in the course work, you must familiarize yourself with the requirements so that there are no problems during verification
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